Ifigenia in Aulide (Antonio Caldara)

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Ifigenia in Aulide
opera seria by Antonio Caldara
Jacques-Louis David, The Anger of Achilles
Jacques-Louis David, The Anger of Achilles (1819)
Translationdt.: Iphigenie in Aulis
LibrettistApostolo Zeno
LanguageItalian
Based onἸφιγένεια ἐν Αὐλίδι (Iphigenia in Aulis), Euripides
Premiere
November 4, 1718 (1718-11-04)[1]
Wien, Gardens of the Favorita

Ifigenia in Aulide is an opera (dramma per musica) by Antonio Caldara in three acts, based on a libretto by Apostolo Zeno. The opera premiered in Vienna on November 4, 1718 (1718-11-04).[2][1]

Iphigenia in Aulis and Iphigenia in Tauris are two Greek tragedies by the playwright Euripides. They both center around the character of Iphigenia, the daughter of King Agamemnon and Queen Clytemnestra. However, they take place at different points in her life.

The dilemma that King Agamemnon has to face in Iphigenia in Aulis is timeless. The price of power and the conflict between personal and public interests are frequent questions in Hollywood blockbusters so it's fair to say that the themes explored in Iphigenia in Aulis continue to be relevant even today.

More than one Librettist clad Ifigenia in Aulide into new words ready for the operatic stage. Most famous is probably Christoph Willibald Gluck's setting, who used a libretto by François-Louis Gand Le Bland Du Roullet after Jean Racines' tragedy.[3]

As Antonio Caldara was the first composer to set some opera's by Metastasio to music, he also gave life to Zeno's Ifigenia in Aulide. In 1718, Caldara's was its first setting to music; many were to follow. [4] The following list mentions only the "Ifigenia in Aulide"s which are based on the libretto by Apostolo Zeno:[5]

compositore luogo dato
Caldara, Vienna Vienna 1718
Nicola Antonio Porpora c. 1742
Girolamo Abos Naples c. 1745
Tommaso Traetta 1759 Vienna
Majo Naples 1762
Pietro Alessandro Guglielmi, Italy 1765
Jomelli San Carlo, Naples 1773
Francesco Salari Casal-Monferrato 1776
Giuseppe Sarti Venice 1777
Martin y Solar (=Vicente Martín y Soler) Florence 1781
Prati, Florence 1784
Giuseppe Giordani Rome 1786
Nicola Zingarelli Milan 1787
Ferdinando Bertoni Trieste 1790
J. Mosca 1798
Rossi (Laurent) Gevnova 1798
Vittorio Trento San Carlo, Naples 4. Nov.1803
J.-S. Mayer (Probably = Johann Simon Mayr) Parma 1806


Synopsis

Italian

(Source: Poesie Drammatiche 1786[6])

Fra i molti figliuoli che Priamo, Re di Troia, ebbe da Ecuba sua consorte, uno ne fu Alessandro. Natogli appena, fu da lui consegnato ad Agelao suo fedel servo, con ordine di lasciarlo esposto alle fiere nelle foreste del monte Ida; e ciò per aver sognato la Regina, che quel fanciullo sarebbe una facella distruggitrice di tutto il suo Regno. Il fanciullo adunque fu esposto da Agelao, il quale in capo a cinque giorni essendo ritornato a vedere ciò che ne fosse avvenuto, trovò, che un’Orsa lo aveva allattato. Questa cosa lo indusse a ricondurlo segretamente in sua casa, e ad allevarlo sotto nome di Paride, tacendone a tutti la real condizione, fuorchè ad Egle, sua figliuola, che se n’era invaghita. In capo a molti anni Paride segnalandosi tra gli altri pastori col suo senno, e col suo valore, ebbe il governo di quel paese. Innamorossi della Ninfa Enone, figliuola del fiume Cibrene, dalla quale egli altresì fu riamato, ma nascosamente, per temenza dei vaticinj del padre, il quale le avea predetto, che sarebbe la più miserabil donna del mondo, se mai avesse sposato Paride. Ora avvenne che Niso fratello di Enone, avendo ucciso in una rissa il pastore Alceo, fu da Paride condannato a morte; e la vegnente mattina doveasi eseguir la sentenza. Enone andò a gittarglisi a’ piedi per fargliela rivocare; ma non le riuscì di ottenere la grazia, se non a condizione di prima sposarlo la stessa notte. Ciò che quindi ne avvenisse, intendesi dal proseguimento del Dramma, al quale danno motivo di maggior viluppo l’amicizia di Niso, e di Eurialo, ne i versi di Virgilio cotanto celebre: l’andata del Re Priamo in Ida per solennizzare i funerali del creduto morto Alessandro; e ’l riconoscimento di questo. Gran parte di questi avvenimenti si ha dal libro III di Apollodoro, la cui narrazione mi è piaciuto di seguitare, anzi che quella d'Igino, e di altri che diversamente ne parlano; e molte cose ancora se ne son tratte dall’Epitia di Giovanni Batista Giraldi.

English

(Based on Poesie Drammatiche 1786[6][7]) Of the many sons that Priam, King of Troy, had by his wife Hecuba, one was Alexander. As soon as he was born, he handed him over to Agelaus, his faithful servant, with orders to leave him exposed to the beasts in the forests of Mount Ida; and this because the Queen had a dream that the child would be the destroyer of her entire kingdom. The child was then abandoned by Agelaus, who after five days returned to see what had happened to it and found that a bear had been breastfeeding it. This caused him to secretly take the child back to his home and raise him under the name of Paris, concealing his true status from everyone except his daughter Egle, who had fallen in love with him. After many years, Paris, distinguishing himself among the other shepherds by his wisdom and valour, had the government of that country. He fell in love with the nymph Enone, daughter of the river Cybrene, by whom he was loved in turn, but secretly, for fear of the prophecies of her father, who had foretold that she would be the most miserable woman in the world if she ever married Paris. Now it came to pass that Niso, brother of Oenon, having killed the shepherd Alceus in a fight, was condemned to death by Paris; and on the morning of the following day the sentence was to be carried out. Oenon went to throw herself at his feet in order to get him to pardon her, but she did not succeed in obtaining the pardon, unless she married him the same night. What happens, therefore, becomes clear in the continuation of the Drama, to which the friendship of Nisus and Euryalus, in the verses of Virgil so famous, give reason for greater development: the going of King Priam to Ida to solemnise the funeral of Alexander, believed dead; and the recognition of this. A large part of these events can be found in Book III of Apollodorus, whose narration I have liked to follow, rather than that of Hyginus, and others who speak of them in a different way; and many other things have been taken from the Epitia of Giovanni Batista Giraldi.

Old German

(Source: Libretto 1730[8])

Unter anderen Söhnen / so Primaus, König in Troja, von Hecuba seiner Gemahlin gehabt / ware einer genant Alexander, den er / als er kaum geboren ware / Agelao seinem Vertrauten überantwortet / um damit er ihne in der Wilnuß des Bergs Ida, zur Speis deren wilden Thieren aussetze / aus Ursachen / weilen es der Königin getrauemet / daß dieses Kind einstens das ganze Königeich verwüsten werde ; das Kind wurde also von Agelao ausgesetzet / welche nach Verfließßung fünf Tägen zurukgekehret / um zu sehen / was weiters erfolget / und gefunden / daß ein Bärin das Kind genähret; welche seltsame Begebenheit ihne veranlasset / daß er solches in sein Haus genommen / und unter dem Nahmen Paridis erzogen. Niemand aber das Herkommen dessen offenbaret / als der Egle, seiner Tochter; die sich in diesen Knaben verliebet: nach vielen Jahren darauf hat Paris unter anderen Hirten / sich mit seiner Schönheit / und Tapferkeit so weit hervor gethan / daß er die Verherschung dieses Landes Überkommen: sich verliebet in die Nymphe Enon, Tochter des Flusses Cibrene, und wurde von ihr im Gegen-Theil geliebet / aber in geheim / und zwar aus Forcht deren Vorsagungen des Vatters / daß sie nemlichen die unglücklichste Person der Welt seyn würde / wann sie mit Paride sich solte verehligen. Nun hat es sich zugetragen / daß Niso, ein Bruder der Enon, den Hirten Alceo in einem Rauf-Handel umgebracht / von Paride hierüber zum Tod verdammet / den darauf folgenden Tag sein Urtheil hätte sollen vollzogen werden. Da gienge Enon, warfe sich ihme zu Füssen / und hatte den Endes-Spruch zu widerruffen; hat die Gnad aber nicht erhalten können / als mit Bedingnuß / daß sie seine Braut seye. Was folget / ist aus Fortsetzung des Schau-Spiels zu ersehen / welchen zu einer mehreren Verwickelung dienet, die Freundschaft des Niso und Eurialo, berühmet in Versen Virgilii, die Reise des Königs Priami nach Ida, um denen Trauer-Begängnussen des todt geglaubten Alexandri beyzuwohnen / und die Erkanntnuß desselben. Ein grosser Theil dieser Zufällen / ist aus dem dritten Buch Apolidori: dessen Erzehlung mir anständiger war / als des Higini, und anderen / so verschieden darvon reden.

*)This word and many others deviate from modern standard German use and spelling. For a modern translation of the original Italian, see below.

Modern German

(Based on Poesie Drammatiche 1786[6][7])

Von den vielen Söhnen, die Priamos, der König von Troja, mit seiner Frau Hekuba hatte, war einer Alexander. Gleich nach dessen Geburt übergab er ihn seinem treuen Diener Agelaus mit dem Befehl, ihn in den Wäldern des Berges Ida den Tieren auszusetzen; denn die Königin hatte einen Traum, dass das Kind ihr ganzes Reich zerstören würde. Das Kind wurde daraufhin von Agelaus ausgesetzt, der nach fünf Tagen zurückkehrte, um zu sehen, was mit ihm geschehen war, und feststellte, dass ein Bär es gesäugt hatte. Dies veranlasste ihn, das Kind heimlich mit nach Hause zu nehmen und es unter dem Namen Paris aufzuziehen, wobei er seinen wahren Zustand vor allen verbarg, außer vor seiner Tochter Aegle, die sich in ihn verliebt hatte. Nach vielen Jahren übernahm Paris, der sich unter den anderen Hirten durch seine Weisheit und Tapferkeit auszeichnete, die Herrschaft über jenes Land. Er verliebte sich in die Nymphe Oinone, Tochter des Flusses Cybrene, die er ebenfalls liebte, aber heimlich, aus Furcht vor den Prophezeiungen seines Vaters, der ihr prophezeit hatte, dass sie die unglücklichste Frau der Welt sein würde, wenn sie Paris heiraten würde. Nun begab es sich, dass Niso, der Bruder der Oinone, den Hirten Alkäus im Kampf getötet hatte und von Paris zum Tode verurteilt wurde. Am Morgen dieses Tages sollte das Urteil vollstreckt werden. Oinone warf sich ihm zu Füßen, um Gnade zu erlangen, aber sie konnte die Begnadigung nur unter der Bedingung erwirken, dass sie ihn noch in derselben Nacht heiratete. Was nun geschah, geht aus dem Fortgang des Dramas hervor, dem die in Vergils Versen so berühmte Freundschaft von Nisus und Euryalus Anlass zu größerer Entfaltung gibt: die Reise des Königs Priamos nach Ida, um das Begräbnis des totgeglaubten Alexanders zu begehen, und die Anerkennung desselben. Ein großer Teil dieser Ereignisse findet sich im Buch III des Apollodorus, dessen Schilderung ich lieber gefolgt bin als der des Hyginus und anderer, die anders darüber sprechen; und vieles andere wurde aus der Epitia von Giovanni Batista Giraldi übernommen.

Roles and premiere cast

The Cast of "Enone" as listed in the score
The Cast of "Enone" as listed in the score [9]

Role Description (eng/it) Voice type Premiere Cast, August 28, 1729[9]
Enone / Oenone daughter of Cibrene, bride of Paris and sister of Niso (Figliulola di Cibrene, sposa di Paride e Sorella di Niso) Signora Conti
Priamo / Priam (re di Troia)
Egle / Egle figliuola di Agelao, già amante di Paride (daughter of Agelao, former bride of Paris) Sig.ra Holzhauser
Agelao / Agelaus padre di Egle e già aio di Paride (father of Egle and former educator of Paris) Christoph Praun Bass
Paride / Paride governatore del paese del monte Ida, sposo di Enone (governor of the land around mount Ida, Enon's spouse) Giacomo Vitali Soprano castrato
Cleone / Cleon amante di Egle (in love with Egle) Signor Giovanni
Eurialo / Eurialus

External links

  • "Booklet Caldara in Vienna" (PDF). Idagio. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 1, 2023. Retrieved October 1, 2023.
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